Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon type of cancer that develops in some women with breast implants. It is not the same as breast cancer, instead it occurs in the fluid and scar tissue around the implant. In some cases, if neglected, or not removed properly, it could spread throughout the body. However, it is curable in most patients if diagnosed early and treated properly. Some of its most common symptoms are changes in the size or shape of the breast, hardening, swelling, pain, lumps, or redness.
These changes may appear years after the implant is placed or may develop earlier, with the earliest case being within a few years. Healthcare providers are not sure why some people with implants occasionally develop BIA-ALCL. One possible cause is abnormal inflammation around the implants that stimulates the immune system. Over time, this leads to cancer of immune cells. When it comes to diagnosis, the specialist will review your medical history and know about the symptoms. He or she may perform physical examinations and schedule tests. For most patients, the first step to successful recovery is explant surgery. There are two types of explant procedure:
- En Bloc:
In en bloc surgery, the capsule and the implant are removed as a unit. The surgery will help get rid of the cancer without the need of other treatments. This is because excision might be incomplete, or it may spill fluid into the breast pocket.
- Total Capsulectomy:
In total capsulectomy, the implant and capsule are removed as separate pieces rather than one unit. The procedure is not recommended as a way to treat BIA-ALCL. It is generally a technique used for capsular contraction.
The type of treatment will depend on the type of implant, stage and any sign of progression of the cancer, and your health. From the result of the tests, the doctor and the MDT will customize a treatment plan for getting rid of the BIA-ALCL. Whether you undergo an en bloc surgery or chemotherapy and immunotherapy too, ensure that the surgeon is qualified and experienced. Additional therapies such as radiation and the systemic treatment options will come into play if the cancer is difficult to treat.
